The Dialectic of Metafiction and Neorealism in Calvinos Baron in the T

The Dialectic of Metafiction and Neorealism in Calvino's Baron in the Trees. "I agree to my books being read as existential or as structural works, as Marxist or neo-Kantian, Freudianly or Jungianly: but above all I am glad to see that no one key will open the lock". The above quotation perhaps shows more than anything else the ambiguity of Calvino's works. The obsession to label all narratives arises from our compulsion to make sense of this world, as literary generic categories form part of our cosmologies. Calvino's work however, eludes us by drawing upon multifarious techniques and images to create a narrative that defies all generic conventions. Attempting to arrive at a sole conclusion with a single key to unlock Calvino's narrative is to underestimate its full potential, for no single label justifies the ambiguity of his work. Indeed, the bulk of the attention focused on Calvino's work is derived mainly from its elusiveness, and its inability to be placed into any particular category. Critics have long been divided over the polemics of his work, one significant aspect of which lies in whether or not Calvino's fiction can be considered as a fairytale or as a realist story. "realismo a carica fiabiasca" and fiaba a carica realistica" (realis m infused with fairytale and fairytale infused with realism). (Cavino, Introduction) What I am interested in is how the notions of metafiction and neorealism work in Calvino's narratives. Undoubtedly, as I have established earlier, it is not possible to label his work as falling into either one or the other generic category. Rather, I would say that both neorealist tendencies and metafictional elements work to make Calvino's short story. Antithetical as these two notions are in ... ...inburgh UP. 1993. Calvino, Italo. "Baron In The Trees" Our Ancestors. Trans. Archibald Colquhoun. London: Mandarin Paperbacks, 1992. ---. Introduction to gli amori difficili, 2nd ed vii. Turin: Einuadi, 1970. Cannon, JoAnn. Postmodern Italian Fiction. London and Toronto: Associated University Presses, 1989. Carter, Albert Howard. Italo Calvino: Metamorphoses of Fantasy, Studies in Speculative Fiction. Ann Arbor, Michigan: UMI Research Press, 1987. Gabriele, Tommasina. Italo Calvino: Eros and Language. London and Toronto: Associated University Presses, 1994. Lodge, David. "Metafiction." The Art Of Fiction. New York: Viking, 1993. 206-210. Waugh, Patricia. "What is Metafiction and why are they saying Such Horrible Things About It?" Metafiction. Ed. Mark Currie. Harlow: Longman, 1995. 39-54. USP Home | Literary Studies | Students Projects

“The English” Text Analysis

THE ENGLISH Text Analysis In process of analyzing the text ‘The English’ I found that there are six paragraphs and in each paragraph there are approximately four sentences. Vocabulary of this text is simple without difficult words like scientific terminology etc. , in addition it is also descriptive, so author describes how immigrants from overseas have settled in different parts of England and had formed their communities.Simple and descriptive vocabulary makes text more understandable to people. Author use in the text specialized vocabulary, lexical words in the text refer to geographical discipline (immigrants, north, east, west and south, London region etc. â€Å"The Greater London region is roughly a cicle, extending twenty to thirty miles from central London in the north and east, and thirty to forty miles in the west and south. †). Also in the text I found some compound words such as overseas and commonwealth.Text ‘The English’ consists of verb s, nouns and adverbs. Firstly I would like to consider the usage of nouns in this text. I think that author mostly used abstract nouns – language, accent, pride, dialects, behavior, life (An abstract noun means something that we cannot taste, touch, smell or see, for example â€Å"As the English are such a mixed people, local customs and accents in England vary a great deal and local pride is still strong in some parts of the country. )- all of them we can refer to moral qualities. I detected there few collective nouns- communities, cosmopolitan city, school, which means that author keep in mind group of people, a special class composed of members (â€Å"They still speak their own languages or dialects, but their children grow up speaking English exactly like the children with from they go to school. †) . Also there are proper names in the text, for example Ian Macdonald, Leonard, Herbert Perkins.Adjectives in the text are not frequent and mostly they refer to visual and evaluative attributes (â€Å"The Williams, The Macdonalds, The Townsends and Herbert Perkins have all made their homes in London which is now a great cosmopolitan city. † ; â€Å"Yet one of the strongest and more usual accents is to be found in the East End of London, the home of the cockneys. †) Author used restrictive adjective clause (â€Å"A cockney is very different from most people’s idea of a typical Englishman. ), so the adjective restricts the information and as we can see the restrictive element is not set off with commas. Also adjectives in this text are mostly gradable, for example â€Å"strong† and â€Å"different†, we can grade these adjectives like rather different, very different or extremely different, author used one of them in the sentence â€Å"A cockney is very different from most people’s idea of a typical Englishman. † . The author uses that kind of adjectives to show us big difference between cockney and t ypical Englishman, to transmit the idea of paragraph or of whole text.Author use adjectives mostly before noun (â€Å"As the English are such a mixed people, local customs and accents in England vary a great deal and local pride is still strong in some parts of the country. †) Verbs in this text, such as moved, has been added, made, settled, formed, speak and grow up, carry an important part of meaning. Without these verbs the person who read the text would be confused because of misunderstanding. Verbs in the text make a bit clear the main idea, verbs are dynamic (referring to actions, events), for example â€Å"Many immigrants from overseas have settled there and have formed their own communities.They still speak their own languages or dialects, but their children grow up speaking English exactly like the children with whom they go to school. † We can clearly see that verbs from the example refer to speech acts and movements. The adverbs are not frequent, I have foun d only eleven adverbs the text: since, still, only, always, exactly, less, roughly, far, rarely, really, more. (â€Å"The Greater London Region is roughly a circle, extending twenty to thirty miles from central London in the north and east, and thirty to forty miles in the west and south. ; â€Å"Some people travel to work in London from as far as eighty miles away. †) Adverbs ‘always’ and ‘rarely’ are the adverbs of frequency (â€Å"This is why Hampshire accents are now so rarely heard. †) ; ‘since’ the adverb of purpose, ‘really’ is the adverb of degree and ‘still’ the adverb of time (â€Å"They still speak their languages or dialects, but their children grow up speaking English†¦Ã¢â‚¬ )I have noted an interesting thing that the author did not use conjuncts such as ‘so’, ‘however’ and disjuncts like ‘obviously’, ‘frankly’.Maybe that’s wh y transition from one paragraph to other is so sharp and paragraphs are bad connected among themselves. Sentences on the whole have a simple structure (â€Å"Some people travel to work in London from as far as eighty miles away. †), but there are also complex sentences (â€Å"Not only have Welsh, Scottish, and Irish people made their homes in England, but also Jews, Russians, Germans – people from almost every country Europe – as well as many West Indians, Indians and others from the commonwealth. †). Author mostly uses declarative sentences with no commands and exclamations.Author did not use rhetorical questions and even usual questions, only statements, that’s why the main idea is weakly perceptible. The average sentence length is approximately 25 words. The sentences are mixed, that mean that there are different tenses in the text, for example present perfect continuous (â€Å"Since 1066 the blood of many other races has been added to the orig inal English mixture. †), present simple (â€Å"Many people now live in south and south-east England and commute to their places of work in London. ), present perfect (â€Å"The Williams, The Macdonalds, The Townsends, and Herbert Perkins have all made their homes in London which is now a great cosmopolitan city. ) . What is more, I found an example of detached construction in the sentence (â€Å"Not only have Welsh, Scottish, and Irish people made their homes in England, but also Jews, Russians, Germans – people from almost every country in Europe – as well many West Indians, Indians, and others from the commonwealth. †) There are no modal verbs in the text.The author gives us objective information with positive qualities that mean that author provides information in this way to make a good impression on readers, like in this sentence (â€Å"London is the largest city in Europe after Paris, but it’s population has shrunk from 8 million in 1939 t o less than 7 million in 1988. †), the main idea of the sentence is that population of London has shrunk, but author â€Å"leave† this information on the background and to make better inspiration about London as main information he wrote that London is the largest city in Europe after Paris, not that London in the second largest city in Europe after Paris.As I have already sad that the text has formal vocabulary and lexical words in the text refer to geographical discipline, but we cannot refer it to scientific texts because scientific text needs terminology, but there we cannot see terminology at all, so this is publicistic text which may appear in the newspapers and magazines. There is no addressing to the reader, no personal pronouns like ‘me’, ‘you’ etc. , no directives, no rhetorical questions, however there is impersonalization.All in all I think that the main idea of the text is that nowadays it is difficult to find a typical, purebloode d Englishman because the centuries ago the blood of other races has been added to the original English mixture. But in this text is very difficult to ‘catch’ the main idea because each paragraph has they own idea and paragraphs are bad connected among themselves, also because there are lack of rhetorical questions, lack of adverbs and adjectives and interactivity, all these would make the text vivid and more understandable. To prove this I took the last sentence from the 5th paragraph (â€Å"Some people travel to work in London from as far as eighty miles away. †) and the first sentence from the 6th (â€Å"This is why Hampshire accents are now so rarely heard†) as we can see there is no straight connection between the 5ht and the 6th paragraph. The main idea is developed trough the names of nationalities, trough the verbs ‘settled’, ‘made’, ‘formed’ etc. trough the dates and statistician. I also noted that the topic à ¢â‚¬ËœThe English’ partly does not conforms to the text. The topic does not reflect the meaning of the text. The reader may think that text is about the pure Englishmen, about their habits and lifestyle but not about the immigrants who become to inhabit The British Isles few centuries ago and how their inhabitation affects nowadays situation.

Corporate Finance And Formulas Of Ratio Analysis Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 15 Words: 4628 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? Corporate finance is defined as, the finance study with financial decisions business enterprises make and the tools and analysis used to make these decisions. Or A company division alarmed the financial operation. In most businesses raising money in corporate finance in different projects. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Corporate Finance And Formulas Of Ratio Analysis Finance Essay" essay for you Create order Corporate finance is the method of raising funds or assets for any kind of expenses. Customers business firms and normally governments do not have the funds that they make to perform their operations and the funds that could earn dividends put the original use. The capital agencies including commercial banks savings and loan family are used the glory loan and funds of business. The nonblank organization or firm recognizes the union and investment companies. Finance has three parts which is business finance personal finance and public finance. The shareholders the benefit money investment loses into different way of current assents and other assets. Corporate finance tells us and set of scales the needs of employees customers and suppliers safety of the shareholders. Ratio analyses of the range industrialized company. Profitability ratio The ratios measures that specify how fine a firm are performing in terms of its ability to make profit. Following ratio are used to indict the profitability of a company. Net profit margin ratio Gross profit margin ratio Net asset turnover ratio Operating margin ratio Financial Classes show that help to improve a businesss skill to make money as compared to its fixed cost and other valid costs during a particular stage. When these rations are higher than a competitors ratio or than the companys ratio are preceding the given time that the company is doing well and make progress. These ratios are helpful both the lender and saver t know the current state of the company and give more benefit of owners and manager of the company. These consider the primary ratios. Net profit margin ratio Formula X 100 Net income ratio of Spectrum Company 2006 (944/21,900) x 100= 4.54% Net income ratio of Spectrum Company 2007 (836/27,450) x 100= 3.05% Net income ratio of Spectrum Company 2008 (552/21,015) x 100= 2.63% Net income scope ratio of Spectrum Company goes downward. NPR of spectrum company in 2006 is 4.54 percent and when company comes in 2007 it goes to lose by about 1.49 percent and make at 3.05 percent and in 2008 its 2.63 percent this shape clearly shows that their income fall down year by year which is not a good sign for the holder and management of the company because it give bad feeling to the saver and lenders. Gross profit margin What remains from sales after a company pays out the cost of goods sold. To get gross profit margin split gross profit by sales. Gross profit margin is expresses as a profit. Formula X 100 Gross profit margin ratio of Spectrum Company 2006 (3525/21,900) x 100= 24.32% Gross profit margin ratio of Spectrum Company 2007 (6225/27,450) x 100= 22.67% Gross profit margin ratio of Spectrum Company 2008 (5895/21,015) x 100= 28.05% Gross profit ratio outline prove a good result of the company it is 24.32 percent in 2006 but it cut down in 2007 came on the 22.67percent but in very next year spectrum company improved soon and their gross profit ratio goes positive to the 28.05 percent it mean company have a good manage over their manufacture cost gives good net sales to their owners. Net asset turnover Net assent defined as, Net sales divided by total assets. Net asset turnover ratio show how good assets are used to produce income and benefit. Also called total asset turnover. Formula Capital employed= Total asset current liability Net asset turnover ratio of the spectrum company 2006 (21,900/5878)=3.73 times Net asset turnover ratio of the spectrum company 2007 (27,450/7810)= 3.51 times Net asset turnover ratio of the spectrum company 2008 (21015/8626)= 2.44 times In 2006 company net asset turn over ratio was 3.73 times but company did not sustain this shape promote and it declined minor in 2007 come on 3.51 times and it comes 2.44 times in the present year which is not a fine mark for the company its mean that company make less profits. Operating margin ratio A ratio used to measure a companys pricing strategy and operating efficiency. Formula x 100 Operating profit of Spectrum Company 2006 (1832/21015) x 100= 8.71% Operating profit of Spectrum Company 2007 (2222/27450) x 100= 8.09% Operating profit of Spectrum Company 2008 2377/21900) x 100= 10.85% Overalls its mean procedure of set cost of spectrum company improved year by year in 2006 it was 8.71 percent but in 2007 it was 8.09 percent company try to take it down its handling of fixed cost but company cannot take this drive further way from 2006 and reach on 10.85percent. Return on capital employed (ROCE) Go back on capital employed is used in finance as analyze of the return that a company is realizing from its capital employed. It is usually used as a measure for comparing the act between businesses and for assessing whether a business generates enough income to pay for its cost of resources. Formula x 100 Return on investment of Spectrum Company 2006 (2377/5878) x 100= 40.44% Return on investment of Spectrum Company 2007 (2222/7810) x 100=28.45 % Return on investment of Spectrum Company 2008 (1832 /8626) x 100= 21.24% The company shows the location about their earning. In 2006 it go back on deal 23.03 % which not bad but next year it slowly declined 18.54%. The business gain value slowly and business lose land but earning little profit. ROCE shows that business gaining or loss its resources. Leverage ratio Any ratio used to calculate the financial control of a company how to solve the problem and get an idea of the company and way of financing to calculate the skill to meet financial obligations. There are the different ratios that maintain the factors of debt justice and resources to get the fixed cost. OR A ratio is using to measure the company mix operation about cost given design and how to changes the produce to earning income. A company received more benefit to use different ratios. Fixed and variable costs are the two types of in use costs depending on the company and the business the mix change. Following ratio give output in the force ratio and is organism used to understand the leverage of the company. Capital gearing ratio Debt/equity ratio Interest cover Capital gearing ratio Universally linked to solvency ratio is the capital gearing ratio. Capital gleaning ratio is mostly used to study the capital makeup of a company. The term capital deal refers to the relation between the range of long term form of financing such as debentures favorite and fairness share capital with capital and surpluses. Leverage of capital structure ratios is calculated to test the long term financial position of a firm. The term assets Gearing or power usually refers to the total relationship between equity share capital plus capital and surpluses to desired share capital and other fixed interest bearing funds or loans. Formula x 100 If the company is much geared so he might be look some difficulties in prospect to get finance from bank or from saver. This ratio is the main for a company in value of their current sponsor or for the future investor. Because this ratio can straight affect the ability of the company is able to retain bonus policy during its bad period. Capital gearing ratio of spectrum company2006 (1779/5878) x 100=30.27% Capital gearing ratio of spectrum company2007 (3302/7810) x 100= 42.28% Capital gearing ratio of spectrum company2008 (4770/8626) x 100= 55.30% According to above statement the ratio the financial state of Spectrum Company going from bad to bad. Because in 2006 its capital gearing was 30.27 percent which not bad it mean still company more support as compared to their liabilities but it go high in 2007 which is 42.28 percent at that it is a care sign for the company but because of the ineffective management this angry its 50 percent figure at reach at 55.30 percent company become highly gearing state at this flash it clearly show the financial makeup of the that company did not have enough money for re payment of their loan and might be company come on the circumstances of the bankrupt. This is disappointing stage for the owner of the company. Debt/equity ratio A measure of a companys financial leverage planned by split its total liabilities by stockholders impartiality. It shows us how to use the assets in company in equity and debt the company. A high debt/equity ratio usually means that a company has been hostile in financing its increase with debt. This can result in volatile earnings as a result of the extra interest cost. The debt is used the finance to increased the company performance in different ways. If the earnings money increases then a better amount of debt cost shareholders is more benefit. The company use debt financing outweighs to return to solve the problem likely bankruptcy which would leave shareholders. The debt/equity ratio also used in the industry which the company operates. Formula x 100 Debt/equity ratio of Spectrum Company 2006 (1779/4099) x 100= 43.40% Debt/equity ratio of Spectrum Company 2076 (3302/4508) x 100= 73.24% Debt/equity ratio of Spectrum Company 2008 (3911/4940) x 100= 79.17% Using this ratio it is obviously show that at the present location of company is on way of well geared situation. Its d/e ratio in 2006 was 43.40 percent which was satisfactory but in pending periods there is way variation from 2006 it become 73.24 percent in 2007 and after this year there is no development company to the worse condition and it reach at 79.17 percent which is offensive by the saver or owners of the company. This is normally used the lenders or banks when these are giving loan to company. Interest coverage These ratios are used to resolve the problem of company pay interest on dazzling debt. This ratio is working the interest coverage ratio is calculated by dividing firm earnings money before interest and taxes in year and the company interest fixed cost in same year. The company lower ratio is loaded balance fixed cost. The coverage ratio is 1.5or less then it ability to get interest expenses. When coverage ratio less than 1 then the company is not received any interest expenses. If this ratio is more then 7 times it guess safe hand even if its on 3 times is suitable but below of this show worse condition of company. Formula Interest coverage ratio of Spectrum Company 2006 2377/142 = 16.74 times Interest coverage ratio of Spectrum Company 2007 2222/363 = 6.12 times Interest coverage ratio of Spectrum Company 2008 1832/389 = 4.70 times Spectrum company at rest in state to pay their all interest on their debts but this ratio decreased year by year and I thing company carry on this presentation further might be in future company will not clever to their interest. Because its interest coverage ratio in 2006 was 16.74 times which is very fine but it decreased in 2007 come on 6.12 times but in current year this ratio arrive at 4.70 times which is suitable because silent able to pay its interest but if consider this declined in future so it thing so in very next year company is not able to their interest. Current ratio A liquidity ratio that procedures a companys ability to pay short-term obligations. Or A sign of a companys ability to meet short term debt obligations the higher the ratio the more fluid the company is current ratio is like to current assents divided by current liabilities. If the current assets of a company are more than twice the current liabilities than that company is generally considered to have good short-term financial power. Formula It is possible to be said the recent should be around 2 times but its depend company to company some company 1.5 times. But if it is under 1 its mean company have not too much missing in to pay their debts. Current ratio of Spectrum Company 2006 5519/1916 = 2.88 times Current ratio of Spectrum Company 2007 9138/4307 = 2.12 times Current ratio of Spectrum Company 2008 8756/4770 = 1.84 times. Analysis of current asset ratio of Spectrum manufacturing company In 2006 Spectrum Company recent ratio was 2.88 times its mean at that time company was in burly situation to their debts which was due on that same time periods. But in 2007 it decreased come on 2.12 times which was still suitable. But in current year 2008 its make on 1.84 times which below then 2 it is fear circumstances of a company that they year by year they have not enough assets to pay their debts. Because this depart a bad feeling in market will mot draw to investor that company is able to pay their current liabilities and might be they face difficulties to obtain stack from bank or from lenders. Advantages of ratio analysis Ratio analysis key to understand of financial analysis. It is the condition of business concern and performance. It is simply says that comparison two company figure. Advantages of the ratio analysis To many groups of people who pays the attention in analysis of financial to solve the problem and better position of the company. They used the ration analysis and solved problem and workout the financial analysis and give a good business in a company. To workout the success: money people are worked of ratios and give profitability of the business and calculate the profitability ratios. It will help the company manager to know that about capacity of the business concern. To workout the Solvency: the ratio solved to solvency problem. These ratios show relationships between assets and investment. It will possible to return back the loan of business. Helpful in analysis of financial statement: the ratio analysis is helpful the outsiders creditors or shareholders. These ratios show the bankers to profitability of the company to pay interest. Helpful in relative analysis of the performance: with the help of this ratio analysis the company has got more interest as like previous year. The company knows about weak point about their performance. To simplify the accounting information: in simply accounting ratios are very useful in financial and they briefly summaries the result of complicated computations. To workout the operating efficiency: the ratio shows the efficiency of the company operation and solved various turnover ratios. All turnover ratios work the performance of the business. To workout short term financial position: the ratio makes a good business in short time. It gives good result of financial position and removes business bad efforts and makes to improve it. Helpful for forecasting purposes: accounting ratio indicate the business when it will go wrong turn. With the help of previous years result the make it perfect in future. Disadvantages Ratio analysis is completely communicated on the usual office measures for example earnings per share, in service margin ratio. There are some disadvantages which as follow. Accounting policies There is some bad effect about using the ratios. One of the accounting police indicate reliable and mirror in the business. The original business particular are important skill to make it good investment decisions. The business gives the profit showy or understand the investors are poor decision in which financial no return output. Then problem in accounting policy. The manager need to change accounting policy and not confuses everyone. Information problems Ratios are not give good events in all years. So when ratios are used to carefully. Ratios give clues to maintain the performance or financial state. The company performance show the result of information about analysis makes it good or bad. Out old information in financial statement, the old information of financial statement that facts of accounts are likely at least several months. This might not be proper sign of the company current position. Analysis of the ratio it is difficult to make simpler about whether a particular ratio is good or bad. Contrast of performance over time Price change rise renders given of result over time confusing as financial facts will not be within the same levels of buying power. The project of the company has better its act and location when in fact after adjusting changes it will show the different picture. Technology changes when the technology changes then the ratio can not show better result. Because ratios are working old method and skills. Ratios are affected the technology and loss the performance of the company. Changes in office policy the result shows the company adopted accounting police it will give good result in years as false. The problem is the accounting police give the manipulate results through the changes. Shock of seasons on trading the financial statement the end of year the result of correct evidence may not be same. Company which chooses the best time to produce financial statement is given better result and give good business. Inter firm comparison The two companies are not the same yet they are competitors in the same market. So we are using ratio and compare one company to other but different financial and business risk. FINANCIAL AND NON FINACIAL TECHNIQUES Sales to working capital ratio Indicates the firms ability to finance extra sales with incurring additional debt. Formula Sales/working capital ratio of Spectrum Company 2006 Stock turnover ratio To examination stocks a little further it is likely to use ratio analysis. The stock turnover ratio shows how many times over the business has sold the value of its stocks during the year. Formula X 365 Fixed asset turnover Fixed assent turnover ratio is use to check the value of resources in company. It will show how well the business is using the current assets to make more sales. Its fixed assets to generate sales. Formula Dividend yield The yield a company pays out to its shareholders in the form of dividends. It is calculated by taking the amount of dividends paid per share over the course of a year and dividing by the stocks price. Formula x 100 Non-financial ratio Non financial ratios are almost exclusively used by management since for outsiders the scope for different definitions makes comparison between organizations difficult. The key approaches are based on Employees Operational activities Assets Customers Suppliers They take many forms. Employees Output per hour Employee cost per hour Employee cost per unit Staff retention Employee satisfaction survey statistics Operational Units per day Rejects per 000 Waiting time Cost per hour Cost per unit Assets Machine utilization Cost per unit Downtime Repair statistics Customer Customer satisfaction Order fulfillment Complaint levels Returns Repeat orders Supplier Order fulfillment Complaint levels Returns Non financial ratios used Employee Based Operationally based Asset based Customer based Supplier based Performance of the company Marketing success Production Staff Service Manufacture Ability of the company in ratio Delivery timing Output per employee Suppliers Product life cycle Staff The result of using all ratios financial or non financial are used by spectrum Manufacturing Company. These ratios are the key of success of company. Part (b) Agency Theory A theory about the relationship between a principal and an agent of the principal. A theory explaining the relationship between principals such as a shareholder and agents such as a companys executives. In this relationship the principal delegates or hires an agent to perform work. The theory attempts to deal with two explicit problems: First that the goals of the principal and means are not in clash agency problem and second that the principal and agent reconcile different tolerances of risk. Agency theory is showing the financial economics that attention between people which is different interests in the same assets. The most important factor of agency theory between Managers of companies and shareholders Bond holders and shareholders Agency theory shows important among other things Companies give offer to make acquisitions which is bad for shareholders. Changeable bonds are used which sold with warrants. Funds agreement matters. Agency theory is seldom if ever of direct import to group investment decisions. Very important thing is financial economists model aspects which show capital markets functions. In agency theory the investors are better understand how to gain benefit. One more important factor between interest of shareholders and debt holders which conflict each other. It is bit risk to high return strategy benefits to shareholders and debt holders. Implications of Agency Theory According to me agency theory can be implicated in Spectrum Manufacturing Company on following two issues. Investment. Risk Taking. Investment Investment is use to affection of resources or assets to create financial benefits in the form of income. They make more profit in future. It is use for saving defer. Investment is used in many areas of the economy such as business management and finance. It is not affected for households firms or governments. After analysis an investment involves the choice by a person or an organization such as a income funds or led money in a vehicle or device or asset such as property product stock bond financial matter or the foreign asset denominated in overseas currency that has sure level of risk and provides the possibility of generating returns over a period of time. Shareholder of the company will always think of long term business and the other hand manager goes for the short term investment to show the value every year. For spectrum manufacturing company the conflict can arise on the issue of investment. As company is not very economically sound at this point so share holder would not wa nt any investment. Risk taking Risk taking is very important for the company manager because Risk concerns the likely value of one or more outcome of one or more likely events. For spectrum manufacturing company is not a right decision at this point to get any risk. The result of ratio analysis the company has not progress fine in these three years so if management needs to take any uncertain plan on this can grounds an agency problem. - Part (c) Dividend policy Dividend is the separation of value to shareholders. The dividend policy to be created by the company which is the base on tow factor. One is sorted out of permanent dividend policy put into place. The company policies are decided to current position and future financial position. The preferred and direction of the investors are also taken into account. A companys dividend policy is the companys standard do when deciding how big a bonus sum to create. Dividend policy may be frankly stated or investors may believe the dividend payments of the company that had made in past. A dividend police is taken a plan of out share of the company. If company is not defined the dividend police then the shareholders will be finished. The investors are likely to make The DPS maintain the dividend police which preceding whole years level is very low and company has finished the dividend as well possible. The investors are maintained the payment ratio normally level in the past and they make it completed in the future. The police of dividend increase to cover as well as it do not drop to low of payments. Companies do not increase dividends only if they are secure to increase is sustainable. It means the company management increasing dividend and indication of investors to persuade. The dividend police cuts regularly then some permanent drop in a business of company. - Q 2 (a) Debt financing Financial by selling bonds bills or notes to person or institutions. When a firm increases money for working assets or capital expenditures by selling bonds bills or notes to person and institutional shareholders, in arrival for return back the money the persons. Become creditors and receive that the chief and interest on the debt will be repaid. Debt financing is basically money that you use to run your business. Debt finance is two types Long term Debt Financing usually applies to capital your business is purchasing such as gear buildings land or technology. With long term debt financing the listed repayment of the loan and the likely helpful in life of the asset. Short Term Debt Financing short term debt finance is needed money for the day of end for operations of the business which is including purchasing list supplies or paying the employees salary. Short term financing is working long term business or short term business loan because refund time is less than one year. In a large business which you run or you have already cash flow and property then you get high safety loan. If however you area sole seller or run a small business you might be optional to use your personal wealth for example your house as security for a loan. For this reason many businesses request support for which they do not have to make direct expenses equity financing. Equity Financing Financing by selling common stock or favored stock to investors. Equity financing define as money acquired from the small or medium business owners themselves or from investors. The stockholders buy the shares in a corporation to create equity financing and the investors who give the fund for business. In small business owners are invest their own money into their businesses that gleaned from bequest saving or even the saving or even the sale assets themselves which include the equity finance which serves it. Equity financing is gift for these kinds of business or investors. They want to expend share and get the risks as well as rewards. Equity finance is work for those investors which are prepared to personal business in large amount of get loan and return to the share ownership in the firms. The searches of loan you get do not choose only one type of financing it is possible to get or loss and both equity financing are all parties involved it. They get all benefit or advantages of equity finance. Sources of financing a public company The company would choose the diverse sources of finance depending on the amount required and which it is needed. Finance drive into three categories namely Traditional sources Ownership capital Non-ownership capital Traditional sources of finance Internal resources have traditionally been the chief source of finance for a company. Internal resources could be a companys resources personal funds and profits that have not been reinvested or distributed among shareholders. Working capital is a short term source of finance and is the money used for a companys day to day behavior including salaries rent payments for raw resources and electricity bills. Ownership capital Ownership capital is the capital owned by the shareholders of a company. A business can raise large funds through an IPO. These funds are usually used for large fixed cost such as new product development growth into a new market and setting up a new plant. The various types of shares are Ordinary shares: these are also known as equity shares and give the owner the right to share the companys profits and vote at the firms general meetings. Preference shares: the owners of these shares may be entitled to a fixed share but usually do not have the right to vote. Companies that are already listed on a stock exchange can opt for a rights issue which seeks additional asset from existing shareholders. They could also opt for late normal shares where in the issuing company is not required to pay dividends until a one date or before the profits reach a certain level. Unquoted companies can also issue and trade their shares in over the counter markets. Non-ownership capital Non ownership capital includes funds raised from lenders such as banks and creditors. Companies usually use a fixed amount from a bank at a fixed interest rate and with a fixed repayment schedule. Certain bank accounts offer overdraft services. This is used by companies to meet their short term fund requirements as they usually come at very high interest rate. Factoring enables a company to raise fund using its dazzling invoices. The company typically receives about 85% of the value of the invoice from the factor. This method is more fitting for overcoming short term cash flow issues. Hire purchase allows a company to use an asset without directly paying the complete purchasing price. Trade credit enables a company to obtain products and services from another firm and pay the bill later. Sources of Finance: Venture Capital Firms in the early stages of growth can pick for venture capital. This option gives the financing company some ownership as well as power over the way of the project

Fast Food Play On The World s Obesity Problem - 2066 Words

Sergio Rivas Ms. Wallace English 12- 5th 9 Feb 2015 What part does fast food play on the world’s obesity problem? Who is affected by fast food; what part of the world, ages, religious groups, and class. According to Washington Reuters. Almost 30 percent of the world’s population is either obese or overweight, an astonishing 2.1 billion people in the world. Sarah Montel stated, 33.8 percent of the U.S. population is affected by fast food and 19 percent of children and adolescents are also affected. Everyone knows what McDonalds is, but what places have the most calories in their food? Americans are spending more than 680 billion per year on fast food, and they demand more! In a recent study done by the fiscal times, named the top 8 worst fast food places. In 8th is Dominos because of type of quality of the food, the value of the food and the service. 7th Pizza hut, 6th CiCi’s Pizza due to the quality of the food and cleanliness of its restaurant. 5th is Burger King this is because the mediocre food qual ity and freshness, and horrible values. 4th No other than the famous McDonalds this is because of the freshness of the food and its quality. 3rd is Church’s Chicken known badly for it’s incredibly grease food. 2nd KFC the cleanliness of its dining area, the food quality the freshness and its value is all bad. 1st overall worst place to eat is Sbarro, why? Poor food quality and lack of freshness. The company is also in bankruptcy for the second timeShow MoreRelatedChildhood Obesity : A Big Problem1318 Words   |  6 Pagesmoney to hire a maid. 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The worst part is that there are so many children being affected by obesity. According to CDC (Centers forRead MoreWho Can We Blame?1392 Words   |  6 Pages Who s to Blame? Have you been a victim of the so called â€Å" fast food obesity outbreak†? You re not the only one. In today s society this so called â€Å"fast food induced obesity† is a huge controversy concerning many countries today in time. The common culprits of the obesity issue is fast food, school lunch, and unhealthy food people consume at home. Who can we trust? Well many people believe that the consumer should not be responsible for their actions when it comes to consuming fast food, whichRead MoreOur Children And The Danger Of Fast Food857 Words   |  4 PagesOur Children and The Danger of Fast Food   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The popularity of fast food is spreading rapidly among many people, mostly due to the following three main reasons:  good taste, convenience, and price. Also, fast food companies  are  smart  in placing themselves in many different countries around the world.  Regardless of location on the globe, fast food restaurants  are available  anywhere with similar food. There is no doubt that eating fast food  has become a regular part of  the diet. These mealsRead MoreFast Food And The Obesity Epidemic933 Words   |  4 PagesFast –food Industries are to be Blame for Obesity Visualize the world somewhere a school-age child can step out of his school and walk into a McDonalds. Fast-food causes an array of problems in your body. The food is often high in sugar, fat, and calories while providing very few nutrients. The obesity epidemic Americans face today is a growing problem that affects more than half of the population with growing body sizes and serious medical problems associated with obesity. It is a problem thatRead MoreObesity : A Major Problem Today Society Within The United States1548 Words   |  7 PagesObesity is a major problem in today’s society within the United States. To be more specific, childhood obesity. Childhood obesity is becoming worse, and the adults don’t realize the impact it has on the rest of the child s life. According to Americas Let’s Move initiative the definition of Obesity is, â€Å"excess body fat. Because body fat is difficult to measure directly, obesity is often measured by body mass index (BMI ), a common scientific way to screen for whether a person is underweight, normalRead MoreObesity Is A Global Issue1568 Words   |  7 PagesA steadily increase in childhood obesity has gained the awareness of everyone. Many are wondering that today s obese children may turn into the generations next obese adults. Obesity is a global issue, and being knowledgeable of the causes is an affection way of prevention. Technology, foods, and genes all factor into the childhood obesity epidemic. For example, â€Å"McDonald s even has toys in their food, increasing production and influencing students to eat it more† (Qtd. by Marcia). It is certainlyRead MoreChildhood Obesity Is Not Only A Problem1666 Words   |  7 PagesChildhood obesity is not only a problem, it is an epidemic that is occurring in the United States. ​This problem is often caused by children eating too much and not exercising enough. Childhood obesity became a problem between 1990 ­2000. It started with children s BMI increasing and weight gain. Obesity causes emotional and physical damage to the child. About 78 million adults and 13 million kids in the United States have to deal with the effects of obesity every day, and this number is growingRead MoreThe Problem Of Obesity And Obesity1505 Words   |  7 Pagesabout Obesity, which has become one of the biggest issues in America. Obesity is the accumulation of unnecessary body fat. It is a lifestyle disease that is spreading fast worldwide. This disease is affecting individuals of all age, ethnicity, and gender. As we all know, America has an extended history of solving complex problems, but it seems like obesity has stuck with the American people. In the essay, called Politicians Want to tax us Thin, written by Kyle Smith, she states, â€Å"We know obesity isR ead MoreThe Causes Of Obesity And Obesity1508 Words   |  7 PagesCauses of Obesity When it comes to people health, what usually comes up in mind? People may think of some disease, such as cancer or stroke, but nobody thinks about Obesity, which has become one of the biggest issues in America. Obesity is the accumulation of unnecessary body fat. It is a lifestyle disease that is spreading fast worldwide. This disease is affecting individuals of all age, ethnicity, and gender. As we all know, America has an extended history of solving complex problems, but it seems

Cyber Criminals Are Faceless And Cybercrimes - 946 Words

Cyber criminals are faceless and cybercrimes are now easier and safer for criminals to troll the internet for unsuspected victims without leaving the comfort of their own home. According to a Police Executive Research Forum report (PERF, 2014), local law enforcement are struggling with responses to cybercrimes; Chief Charles McClelland of the Houston police department told PERF, â€Å"unfortunately, we haven’t properly prepared our officers to handle cybercrime calls† (p.20). Cybercrimes are not limited to credit card frauds, scams, human trafficking, or cyber bullying, but also involves attacks on national infrastructures to terrorism plots on a larger scale. The post 911 investigation revealed that the internet played a key role in the attacks, from planning to coordinating to executing the cowardice acts. As a law enforcement organization, we are facing a new breed of criminals-criminals with no faces or names and our task is to bring them to justice. There is a lack of knowledge in the cyber world, which the police culture does not fully comprehend. In order to level the playing field, we must improve IT knowledge through education, commit funding to promulgate cybercrimes units, and collaborate with local, state, and federal agencies to create a team of teams. The internet is largely unregulated, therefore, those who are most familiar with it will dominate the virtual world. There is hope, although cybercrimes are committed via the internet, there is an operatorShow MoreRelatedScams Associated With Cybercrime1624 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Cybercrime has experienced significant progress during recent years, as its advance is directly proportional with the advance of technology. In spite of the fact that the authorities devise new and better strategies to fight cybercrime, the fact that the number of people online is constantly increasing means that cybercrimes occur even more frequently. Dishonest people who seek opportunities have discovered how the internet stands as a perfect environment for them to commit crimes byRead MoreCyberbullying Is A Type Of Harassment Essay2025 Words   |  9 Pagesignore the victim. Harassment: in which the bully will continuously send â€Å"cruel or mean messages†, and stalking (Bossler, Holt Spellar, 2015). One of the main characteristics of a cyber-victim typology is that they are a lot of the times a teenager. The U.S. Computer Emergency Readiness Team explains that the cyber-victim can be any age, however, â€Å"teenagers and young adults are common victims, and cyberbullyi ng is a growing problem in schools† (United States Computer Emergency Readiness Team, 2011)Read MoreCyber Warfare : An Invisible War1915 Words   |  8 Pages Cyber warfare is part of the American defense military strategy of proactive cyber defense and the use of cyber warfare as a means of attack. According to the United States military cyber attack is a form of ancient act of war. In 2013 Cyber warfare was, for the first time, perceived as a major threat than terrorist or Al Qaeda, according to U.S. intelligence officials. Representative Rogers Mike the leader of the U.S House permanent select committee on Intelligence, He said July 2013Read MoreCyber Warfare And The United States Homeland Security2497 Words   |  10 Pagesinformation warfare, a threat that stubbornly dogs the United States Homeland Security in form of cyber terrorism. Abstract Cyber warfare is part of the American military’s proactive defense strategies. Besides the use of Cyber warfare in defense, Cyber warfare has another use as a means of attack. According to the United States military cyber-attack is a form of ancient act of war. In 2013, Cyber warfare was for the first time perceived to be a more significant threat than terrorism or Al Qaeda

Eths Week Diversity Free Essays

You may need additional resources from the University Library to complete this aactivity. Write a 750 to 1,050- word paper answering the following questions: The status of women in the United States tthroughout history one of the first things that you will see was that women had much fewer rights and they were not accepted in job places as the men were. Women were known as the mother of children who stayed home and also being the house wife that took care of all the household needs such as cleaning, cooking, and taking care of all the bills and finances that the husband brought home from long days of work. We will write a custom essay sample on Eths Week Diversity or any similar topic only for you Order Now Women always made sure that everything was in place and token care of. Men were thought of as the superior ones and the women were less of them, they were not able to work in the same positions as the men in work places, or have card night with a few drinks with their friends. The women’s role was to take care of all the chores within the home such as the laundry,ironing,cleaning of the home including dusting, taking care of the children and the mearns responsibility was all the labor chores of the outside such as the yard faintness, plowing the snow, they would be the ones to go hunt and fish. Many things have changed from the history of women that is present in the U. S. today once the 20th contrary came around women were given the right to vote as well as the right to be treated equally to men in the work environment. The women today have all the rights as everyone else of the opposite sex and have learned how to be dependent on them now instead of on their spouse. The wages for women are not any less of the men and are able to receive positions anywhere as a man would be in. You see women in politics trying to stand up for what could be good for our nations and is allowed to voice their own opinions on issues and problems that we are facing within our nation. You also now see women being police officers, firefighters and other law enforcement jobs. Some examples of concepts or constructions of masculinity and feminine that we see in the society and in the media are everywhere in today’s life. I will start when it all starts and this is in children. We know that pink is for girls and blue is for boys. The girls toys are dolls, play make up and princess outfits while the boys toys are cars and trucks, guns, super heroes figuring’s and outfits. The teenage life we see the girls are about makeup, their hair styles, brawls, and making sure that they have the top of the line outfits that looks just right. The boy’s are into sports, and cars, and what cologne will make the girls want them. As adults we see how the mother is taking care of the children and what will help them with this and we see that for men it is about vehicle, sports, and sex appeal. Following its passage by the United States Congress. (www. gsaday. org) Some of the social and political issues relevant to women and GLBT people in the U. S. are the respect that they get from others and the dincriminating ways others put on them just because they are women or apart of the GLBT community. I feel that there are many people that are out in this world that will live their lives just to make the lives of women and GLBT people harder for no reason other than to make them feel better. We are finally seeing both in politics and earning their respect that is needed but it is still harder for them to get where they are just because of what they are. I feel that one day will be better than what it is today and it is up to all of us to find the ways to get us all there are do it. It a big team job but it is possible to see the stereotyping, discrimination, and racism become little to nothing in our Nation. This is why I will have faith forever to see a change soon. How to cite Eths Week Diversity, Papers

Bb Cream free essay sample

BB Cream The product I choose to analyze the topic about Buying Decision Process is BB Cream. BB Cream is known as Blemish Balm which is the popular cosmetic product in Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong and many Asian districts. It is not only skincare product but also make-up product. People use BB cream to replace the make-up base, concealer and even foundation. It is similar to normal foundation but with healing properties. BB Cream also provide so many effects such as UVA/UVB protection, skin hydration etc. It makes a clean and natural skin tone by being absorbed into skin with a soft feel after use. Since the market demand of BB Cream is increase day by day. Many brands with different kinds of BB Cream were provided choices for customer. In Hong Kong, it is not hard to recognize the availability of new products. On the street it is easily receive leaflets and even the sample of BB Cream. We will write a custom essay sample on Bb Cream or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Some posters are also local on the advertising board with smart and attractive slogan. It seem to be BB Cream is a new trend of necessary make-up material. The Customer would be recognized about BB Cream . When I have increase to BB Cream. I would pay more attention to the product information, and the common of beauty column. Actively search the Web with user’s sharing. As more information my awareness of available brands increase. To choose BB Cream on Evaluation of Alternatives, I would interested in three attributeseffects, ingredients, and price. Then compare each other carefully. Effects should be the most important evaluation factor. Such as one of Korean brand, MOGGI has skin hydration effect while another Korean brand, MISSHA has no skin hydration effect. Base on my need, I tend to choose the former one. In the stage of purchase decision, I have been preferred MOGGI is the brand of my choice. The ingredients and price of MOGGI’s BB Cream are acceptable and the service provide of staff is good. Therefore I have done my purchase choice. After purchase I am satisfied with the performance of BB Cream as my expectation. The brand news are always been send to my email with offering discounts. I am willing to repurchase the BB Cream in MOGGI. There are lots of factor may influence the Buying Decision Process. If the advertising and promotion is not enough, consumer may not be recognize the BB Cream. In the consumer searching information process, consumer may get the wrong information from the Internet. The reference groups are not always give the right suggestion, such as they may have bias on some brand name. The reputation of the brand also the one of the influence factors. If one of the ingredients is harmful to human, the buying decision would stop immediately. During purchasing the sale skills of salesperson should effects the results. If the salesperson tends to sale another kind of BB Cream or serving rudely, customer should change the buying decision.